1. accept accept [option] destination System administration command. Instruct printing system to accept jobs for the specified print queue or queues. Depending on queue settings, the system may prompt for a password. Also invoked as cupsaccept. Option -E Require encryption when connecting. |
2. access access [mode] [filename] Check whether a file is available for the action specified with the mode argument: r for read, w for write, x for execute. Used mostly in scripting, access works better than test because it uses a direct system call rather than looking at the file permissions, which can be misleading when a filesystem is mounted read-only. Options –help Display help message, then quit. –version Display version, then quit. . |
3. aclocal
GNU autoconf tool. Place m4 macro definitions needed by autoconf into a single file. The aclocal command first scans for macro definitions in m4 files in its default directory (/usr/share/aclocal on some systems) and in the file acinclude.m4. It next scans for macros used in the configure.in file. It generates an aclocal.m4 file that contains definitions of all m4 macros required by autoconf. Options–acdir=dir
–help
-I dir
–output=file
–print-ac-dir
–verbose
–version
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4. aconnect
Like its GUI relative alsa-patch-bay, aconnect connects ports in MIDI hardware and software to route events, similar to running patch cables between different mixers and synthesizers in an all-hardware audio system. aconnect is part of the ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) system. Options-d,–disconnect
-e,–exclusive
-i,–input
-o, –output
-r, –real queue-name
-t, –tick queue-name
-x, –remove-all
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5. acpi
Note that some ACPI systems have special events that are not available on others. For example, IBM laptops have events related to their docking stations and keyboard lights that are not used on nondocking or unlighted laptops. On all systems, the /proc/acpi directory must be present for acpi commands to work. Options-b, –battery
-B, –without-battery
-t, –thermal
-T, –without-thermal
-a, –ac-adapter
-A, –without-ac-adapter
-V, –everything
-s, –show-empty
-S, –hide-empty
-c, –celcius
-d, –directory /path
-f, –fahrenheit
-h, –help
-k, –kelvin
-v, –version
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6. acpi_available
Determine whether ACPI functionality exists. Returns 0 for true and 1 for false. |
7. acpid
Options-c directory, –confdir=directory
-d, –debug
-e filename,–eventfile=filename
-g group,–socketgroup=group
-l filename,–logfile=filename
-m mode,–socketmode=mode
-s filename,–socketfile=filename
-S,–nosocket
-v,–version
-h,–help
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8. addr2line
Translate hexadecimal program addresses into filenames and line numbers for the executable given with the -e option, or a.out if -e is not specified. If addresses are given on the command line, display the filename and line number for each address. Otherwise, read the addresses from standard input and display the results on standard output (useful for use in a pipe). addr2line prints two question marks (??) if it cannot determine a filename, and 0 if it cannot determine the line number. addr2line is used for debugging. Options-b bfdname, –target=bfdname
-C, –demangle[=style]
-e file, –exe=file
-f, –functions
-h, –help
-s, –basenames
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9. addresses
Connect to the PalmOS device on the specified port, and dump the addresses from the address book to stdout. Part of the pilot-link package of tools for managing PalmOS devices. |
10. agetty
System administration command. The Linux version of getty. Set terminal type, modes, speed, and line discipline. agetty is invoked by init. It is the second process in the series init-getty-login-shell, which ultimately connects a user with the Linux system. agetty reads the user’s login name and invokes the login command with the user’s name as an argument. While reading the name, agetty attempts to adapt the system to the speed and type of device being used. You must specify a port, which agetty will search for in the /dev directory. You may use –, in which case agetty reads from standard input. You must also specify baudrate, which may be a comma-separated list of rates through which agetty will step. Optionally, you may specify the term, which is used to override the TERM environment variable. Options-f file
-h
-H hostname
-I string
-i
-l program
-L
-m
-n
-t timeout
-w
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Controls advanced configuration settings for sound cards using the ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) system. Settings are written to configuration files using the store function and loaded from those files with the restore function. Options-d,–debug
-f file, –f=file
-F,–force
-h,–help
-v,–version
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Read and write raw MIDI files (.syx format, without timing information) to ALSA ports. For standard MIDI (.mid) files, use aplaymidi and arecordmidi. Options-a,–active-sensing
-d,–dump
-h,–help
-l,–list-devices
-L,–list-rawmidis
-p,–port=name
-r,–receive=filename
-s,–send=filename
-S,–send-hex=”hex-numbers…“
-t,–timeout=n
-V,–version
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Command-line ALSA mixer. For an ncurses interface, use alsamixer. amixer displays or changes the current mixer settings for the current sound card and sound device. To display all mixer settings, use with no flags or commands. Commandscontrols
contents
cget [control]
cset [control] [parameter]
get,sget [control]
help
info
scontrols
set,sset [control] [parameter]
Options-c n
-D devicename
-h
-q
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System administration command. Normally started in a system startup file. Execute commands periodically. By default, anacron reads a list of jobs from a configuration file, /etc/anacrontab. The file consists of shell variables to use when running commands, followed by a list of tasks to run. Each task specifies how often in days it should be run, a delay in minutes to wait before running the task, a unique job identifier used to store a timestamp, and the shell command to execute. Timestamps for the last run of each task are stored in the /var/spool/anacron file. For each task, anacron compares the stored timestamp against the current time. If the command has not been executed within the specified frequency, the command is run. Upon completion, anacron records the new date in the timestamp file. Limit anacron to a specified task by providing the task’s unique job identifier on the command line. The anacron command is often used to support the cron daemon on systems that do not run continuously. Options-d
-f
-h
-n
-q
-s
-t file
-u
-V
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Play sound files using the ALSA sound system. The related arecord records sound files. Options-h
–version
-l,–list-devices
-L,–list-pcms
-D,–device=devicename
-q
-t,–file-type=type
-c,–channels=n
-f,–format=format
-r,–rate=n
-d,–duration=n
-s,–sleep-min=n |
Play MIDI files using the ALSA sound system; output is to ALSA sequencer ports. Options-d,–delay=n
-h
-V
-l
-p,–port=client:port
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Display current Advanced Power Management hardware information, such as battery life, or send the system into standby or suspend-to-disk mode. Used on older systems, and replaced by acpi and related commands. -V, –version
-v,–verbose
-m, –minutes
-s, –suspend
-S, –standby
-i,–ignore
-n,–noignore
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System administration command. apmd handles events reported by the Advanced Power Management BIOS driver. The driver reports on battery level and requests to enter sleep or suspend mode. apmd will log any reports it gets via syslogd and take steps to make sure that basic sleep and suspend requests are handled gracefully. You can fine-tune the behavior of apmd by editing the apmd_proxy script, which apmd runs when it receives an event. Note that the APM hardware standard is gradually being replaced by the ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) standard, and apmd by acpid. On SUSE Linux, both APM and ACPI hardware are handled by powersave and powersaved. Options-c n, –check n
-p n, –percentage n
-P command, –apmd_proxy command
-v, –verbose
-V, –version
-w n, –warn n
-W, –wall
-q, –quiet
-?, –help
ParametersThe apmd proxy script is invoked with the following parameters: start
stop
suspend [ system | user ]
standby [ system | user ]
resume [ suspend | standby | critical ]
change power
change battery
change capability
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Search the short manual page descriptions in the whatis database for occurrences of each string and display the result on the standard output. Like whatis, except that it searches for strings instead of words. Equivalent to man -k.
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The Advanced Package Tool, the Debian package management system. A freely available packaging system for software distribution and installation. For detailed information on apt and its commands, see Chapter 5.
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Maintain a group of files that are combined into a file archive. Used most commonly to create and update static library files, as used by the link editor (ld). Compiler frontends often call ar automatically. Only one key letter may be used, but each can be combined with additional args (with no separations between). posname is the name of a file in archive. When moving or replacing files, you can specify that they be placed before or after posname. ar has largely been superseded by tar and bzip2. Keysd
m
p
q
r
t
x
Argumentsa
b
c
f
i
l
N
o
P
s
S
u
v
V
ExampleReplace mylib.a with object files from the current directory: ar r mylib.a `ls *.o` |
Print machine architecture type to standard output. Equivalent to uname -m.
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Records sound using ALSA. Accepts the same arguments and options as aplay.
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Records midi files using ALSA. You must specify the port using the -p flag. Options-p,–port=host:port
-h,–help
-v,–version
-l, –list
-b,–bmp=n
-f,–fps=n
-t,–ticks=n
-s,–split-channels
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TCP/IP command. Clear, add to, or dump the kernel’s Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache (/proc/net/arp). ARP is used to translate protocol addresses to hardware interface addresses. Modifying your ARP cache can change which interfaces handle specific requests. ARP cache entries may be marked with the following flags: C (complete), M (permanent), and P (publish). While arp can create a proxy for a single system, subnet proxies are now handled by the arp kernel module, arp(7). See the “Linux 2.4 or later Advanced Routing HOWTO” for details. Optionshost option arguments may be given as either a hostname or an IP address. With the -D option, they may also be given as a hardware interface address (e.g., eth0, eth1). -a [hosts] , –display [hosts]
-d host [pub] , –delete host [pub]
-D, –use-device
-f file, –file file
-H type, –hw-type type, -t type
-i interface, –device interface
-n, –numeric
-s host hardware-address [netmask mask] [pub] , –set host hardware-address [pub]
-v, –verbose
ExamplesDisplay entry for host eris: arp -a eris Set a permanent cache entry for host illuminati, whose hardware address you know: arp -s illuminati 00:05:23:73:e6:cf Set an ARP proxy for host fnord using the eth0 interface’s hardware address: arp -Ds fnord eth0 pub Remove the fnord ARP proxy: arp -i eth0 -d fnord pub |
Generate an object file from each specified assembly-language source file. Object files have the same root name as source files but replace the .s suffix with .o. There may be some additional system-specific options. Options— [ | files]
-a[cdhlmns] [=file]
–defsym symbol=value
-f
–fatal-warnings
–gstabs
–gdwarf2
-o objfile
–statistics
-v
-I path
-J
-R
-W
-Z
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Execute commands at a specified time and optional date. The commands are read from standard input or from a file. (See also batch.) End input with EOF. time can be formed either as a numeric hour (with optional minutes and modifiers) or as a keyword. It can contain an optional date, formed as a month and date, a day of the week, or a special keyword (today or tomorrow). An increment can also be specified. The at command can always be issued by a privileged user. Other users must be listed in the file /etc/at.allow if it exists; otherwise, they must not be listed in /etc/at.deny. If neither file exists, only a privileged user can issue the command. Options-c job [job…]
-d job [job…]
-f file
-l
-m
-q letter
-V
Timehh:[mm] [modifiers]
midnight | noon | teatime | now
Datemonth num[, year]
day
today | tomorrow
IncrementSupply a numeric increment if you want to specify an execution time or day relative to the current time. The number should precede any of the keywords minute, hour, day, week, month, or year (or their plural forms). The keyword next can be used as a synonym of + 1: ExamplesIn typical usage, you run at and input commands that you want executed at a particular time, followed by EOF.
$ at 1:00 am tomorrow at> mail joe < output The two commands could also be placed in a file and submitted as follows: $ at 1:00 am tomorrow < scriptfile More examples of syntax follow. Note that the first two commands here are equivalent:
$ at 1945 December 9 $ at now + 5 hours |
System administration command. Normally started in a system startup file. Execute jobs queued by the at command. Options-b n
-d
-l average
-s
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List the user’s pending jobs, unless the user is a privileged user; in that case, list everybody’s jobs. Same as at -l, and related to batch and atrm. Options-q queue
-v
-V
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Delete jobs that have been queued for future execution. Same as at -d. Options-q queue
-V
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Send an audio recording as an email from a properly equipped workstation (Sun and Sony, with microphones). After prompting for address, subject, and Cc: fields, the program asks the user to record a message, then allows him to re-record, send, or cancel. audiosend is one of the metamail tools for processing nontext MIME mail messages. |
Audio mixer tool. Run without any options or arguments for an ncurses-based interactive mode. OptionsThe first set of options sets the volume level of a channel to a percentage of the maximum. Each channel is represented by a single letter or number: v for overall volume, b for bass, t for treble, s for synthesizer, w for PCM channels, c for CD, m for microphone, i for line in, o for line out, l for the main line, x for imix, and 1, 2, or 3 for lines 1, 2, and 3. Passing q as an argument to any of those flags displays their current status. Passing + or – will increase or decrease the channel volume by one, and +n or –n will adjust them by n. For example, aumix -c q -l 10 will display the CD value and set the main line to 10%. Additional options:-C filename
-d devicename
-f filename
-h
-I
-L
-q
-S
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Generate a configuration script from m4 macros defined in template_file, if given, or in a configure.ac or configure.in file in the current working directory. The generated script is almost invariably called configure. Options-d, –debug
-f, –force
-h, –help
-i, –initialization
-o file, –output=file
-t macro, –trace=macro
-v, –verbose
-B dir, –prepend-include=dir
-I dir, –include=dir
-V, –version
-W category, –warnings=category
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GNU autoconf tool. Generate a template file of C #define statements from m4 macros defined in template_file, if given, or in a configure.ac or configure.in file in the current working directory. The generated template file is almost invariably called config.h.in. Options-d, –debug
-f, –force
-h, –help
-o file, –output=file
-v, –verbose
-B dir, –prepend-include=dir
-I dir, –include=dir
-V, –version
-W category, –warnings=category
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GNU automake tool. Create GNU standards-compliant Makefile.in files from Makefile.am template files and can be used to ensure that projects contain all the files and install options required to be standards-compliant. Note that Versions 1.4 and 1.6 differ enough that many distributions include an automake14 package for backward compatibility. Options-a, –add-missing
-c, –copy
–cygnus
-f, –force-missing
–foreign
–gnu
–gnits
–help
-i, –ignore-deps
–libdir=dir
–no-force
-v, –verbose
–version
-Werror
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GNU autoconf tool. Update configure scripts by running autoconf, autoheader, aclocal, automake, and libtoolize in specified directories and subdirectories. This command is seldom invoked manually. It is usually called automatically from other autoconf tools. Options-d, –debug
-f, –force
-h, –help
-i, –install
-s, –symlink
-v, –verbose
-I dir, –include=dir
-V, –version
-W category, –warnings=category
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GNU autoconf tool. Create or maintain a preliminary configure.ac file named configure.scan based on source files in specified directory, or current directory if none given. If a configure.ac file already exists, autoconf will check it for completeness and print suggestions for correcting any problems it finds. Options-d, –debug
-h, –help
-v, –verbose
-I dir, –include=dir
-B dir, –prepend-include=dir
-V, –version
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GNU autoconf tool. Update the configure template file file, or configure.ac if no file is specified. This command is seldom invoked manually. It is usually called automatically from other autoconf tools. Options-d, –debug
-f, –force
-h, –help
-v, –verbose
-I dir, –include=dir
-V, –version
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